CHAPTER 4 CITATIONS

Introduction to Guilty until Proven Innocent

• Quote ("The Japanese Americans..."): Erica Harth, Last Witnesses: Reflections on the Wartime Internment of Japanese Americans (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2003), 4.

Guilty Until Proven Innocent

• Audio from video interview ("The Isseis would say..."): Peggie Nishimura Interview by Alice Ito, Segment 29, Sept. 15-17, 2004, Densho Visual History Collection. Courtesy of Densho.
• Audio from video interview ("Why were we there..."): Mits Koshiyama Interview by Alice Ito, Segment 10, July 14, 2001, Densho Visual History Collection. Courtesy of Densho.
• Audio from video interview ("In time of war..."): Fred Hirasuna Interview by Frank Abe and Frank Chin, Segment 7, ca. 1998, Frank Abe Collection, Densho Digital Repository. Courtesy of Frank Abe.
• Photograph: Dorothea Lange, "Turlock, California. Families of Japanese ancestry arrive at Turlock Assembly Center," (May 2, 1942). ARC 537644, Record Group 210: Records of the War Relocation Authority, National Archives and Records Administration.
• Photograph: Clem Albers, "Japanese-Americans transferring from train to bus at Lone Pine, California, bound for war relocation authority center at Manzanar," (Apr. 1942). Digital ID cph 3a44327, Miscellaneous Items in High Demand Collection, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division.
• Photograph: Clem Albers, "Arcadia, California. Persons of Japanese ancestry arrive at the Santa Anita Assembly center...," (Apr. 5, 1942). ARC 537040, Record Group 210: Records of the War Relocation Authority, National Archives and Records Administration.
• Photograph: Russell Lee, "Los Angeles, California. The evacuation of the Japanese-American from West Coast areas under U.S. Army war emergency order. Japanese-American going to camp at Owens Valley gather around baggage car at the old Santa Fe Station," (Apr. 1942). Digital ID fsa 8a31149, Farm Security Administration- Office of War Information Photograph Collection, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division.
• Photograph: "Bainbridge Island (Wash.) evacuation – Group of young evacuees wave from special train as it leaves Seattle with Island evacuees, March 30, 1942," (Mar. 30, 1942). Digital ID cph 3a41842, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division.
• Photograph: Dorothea Lange, "San Bruno, California. Entering Recreational Hall where election is being held for Councilman," (June 16, 1942). ARC 537899, Record Group 210: Records of the War Relocation Authority, National Archives and Records Administration.
• Photograph: Dorothea Lange, "San Bruno, California. Family of Japanese ancestry arrives at assembly center at Tanforan Race Track...," (Apr. 29, 1942). ARC 537484, Record Group 210: Records of the War Relocation Authority, National Archives and Records Administration.
• Photograph: Dorothea Lange, "San Bruno, California. A close-up of an entrance of a family apartment...," (June 16, 1942). ARC 537901, Record Group 210: Records of the War Relocation Authority, National Archives and Records Administration.
• Photograph: Dorothea Lange, "Tanforan Assembly center, San Bruno, California. Barracks for family living quarters," (Apr. 29, 1942). ARC 537670, Record Group 210: Records of the War Relocation Authority, National Archives and Records Administration.
• Photograph: Clem Albers, "Salinas Assembly Center, California. Panorama of Salinas Assembly Center," (Apr. 29, 1942). ARC 537442, Record Group 210: Records of the War Relocation Authority, National Archives and Records Administration.
• Photograph: Clem Albers, "Arcadia, California. Military police on duty in watch-tower at Santa Anita assembly center...," (Apr. 6, 1942). ARC 537019, Record Group 210: Records of the War Relocation Authority, National Archives and Records Administration.

Introduction to Protest and Precedent

• Text ("A military order..."): Dissenting opinion of Justice Jackson, Korematsu v. United States, 323 U.S. 214, (1944): 243.

Rising TeProtest And Precedentnsion

• Newspaper article clipping: "U.S. Keeps Detention Camps Ready," The New York Times, Dec. 27, 1955.
• Document: "Evacuation Order with the words ‘Never Again!'," Densho Encyclopedia. Courtesy of the Edison Uno Papers Collection.
• Text from periodical: "Gidra, Vol. I, No. 9 (December 1969)," Dec. 1969, Densho Digital Repository. Courtesy of Gidra.
• Photograph: Thomas J. O'Halloran, "Congresswoman Shirley Chisholm announcing her candidacy for presidential nomination," (Jan. 25, 1972). Digital ID ds 07135, Miscellaneous Items in High Demand Collection, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division.
• Text from newspaper article ("The most vocal opposition..."): "4 House Representatives Urge Repeal for Law on Detention of Subversives," The New York Times, March 18, 1970.
• Newspaper article clipping: "House unit votes to repeal detention act," Chicago Daily Defender, Apr. 3- Apr. 9, 1971: 2.
• Document & text ("We seek compensation..."): "Written testimony of William Hohri on behalf of the National Council for Japanese American Redress, Jul, 14, 1981, Washington, D.C.," Densho Encyclopedia. Courtesy of Cherry Kinoshita.
• Photograph: "Redress hearings," (ca. 1981). ddr-densho-37-372, National Archives and Records Administration Collection, Densho Digital Repository. Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration.
• Document & text ("In its report..."): Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, "Personal Justice Denied: Report of the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, Part 2, Recommendations," 1982, Record Group 220: Records of Temporary Committees, Commissions, and Boards, National Archives and Records Administration.
• Photograph: "President Reagan signs the Reparations Bill for Japanese-Americans in the Old Executive Office Building," (Aug. 10, 1988). Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Museum Archives.
• Text ("Acting to redress..."): "Senate Votes to Compensate Japanese-American Internees," The New York Times, Apr. 21, 1988.
• Document: George Bush, "Written apology," ca. 1990. Manzanar National Historic Site Collection. Courtesy of Marjorie Matsushita.
• Newspaper article & text ("The Bush administration's..."): William Glaberson, "War on Terrorism Stirs Memory of Internment," The New York Times, Sept. 24. 2001.
• Newspaper article & text ("The efforts to single out..."): Joseph Kahn, "Raids, Detentions and Lists Lead Muslims to Cry Persecution," The New York Times, March 27, 2002: A11.
• Document & text ("I'm requesting that..."): David A. Bowers, "Statement of Mayor David A Bowers," Nov. 18, 2015, City of Roanoke, Office of the Mayor.
• Newspaper article: Matt Stevens and Rong-Gong Lin II, "Talk of a registry for Muslims has Japanese internment survivors asking" ‘Can't they see what's wrong?'" Los Angeles Times, Nov. 18, 2016.
• Photograph: @bejohnce, "My hero," Twitter, Jan. 21, 2017, 1:42 p.m.

Introduction Never Again

• Text from newspaper article ("We are determined..."): Ken Lubas, "Japanese-Americans Seek End to Allowing Security Detention," Los Angeles Times, Feb. 23, 1970: SF8.

Never Again

• Video interview ("Still today..."): Joe Takehara Interview by Erika Street Hopman, March 11, 2016, Courtesy of Full Spectrum Features.
• Video interview ("It's been an interesting..."): Chizuko Norton Interview by Alice Ito, Segment 42, Apr. 27, 1998, Densho Visual History Collection. Courtesy of Densho.
• Video interview ("We're all people..."): Toru Saito Interview by Martha Nakagawa, Segment 19, Dec. 1, 2010, Densho Visual History Collection. Courtesy of Densho.
• Video interview ("Having experienced this..."): Betty Morita Shibayama Interview by Alice Ito, Segment 44, Oct. 27, 2003, Densho Visual History Collection. Courtesy of Densho.
• Video interview ("It's a terrible thing..."): Mary Hirata Interview by Beth Kawahara and Alice Ito, Segment 38, March. 27, 1998, Densho visual History Collection. Courtesy of Densho.
• Photograph: "Japanese Americans Riding to Assembly Center," (Apr. 4, 1942). Corbis Historical Collection, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division.
• Photograph: Dorothea Lange, "Oakland, Calif., Mar. 1942. A large sign reading ‘I am an American' placed in the window of a store, at [401 - 403 Eighth] and Franklin streets, on December 8, the day after Pearl Harbor. The store was closed following orders to persons of Japanese descent to evacuate from certain West Coast areas. The owner, a University of California graduate, will be housed with hundreds of evacuees in War Relocation Authority centers for the duration of the war," (March 1942). ID # cph 3a24566, Farm Security Administration- Office of War Information Photograph Collection, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division.
• Photograph: published in Eric L. Muller (ed.), Colors of Confinement: Rare Kodachrome Photographs of Japanese American Incarceration in World War II (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2012), 66. Courtesy of Manbo Family.
• Postcard of lithograph: Roger Leyonmark, " The American Nightmare postcard, 1981," (ca. 1981). ID # sac_jaac_0163, Japanese American Archival Collection, California State University Japanese, Sacramento, Department of Special Collections and University Archives.
• Photograph: Dorothea Lange, "Photograph of Dust Storm at Manzanar War Relocation Authority Center," (July 3, 1942). ARC 539961, Record Group 210: Records of the War Relocation Authority, National Archives and Records Administration.